notizie sull'azienda What technologies are used in telecommunication?

These are the physical pathways that carry signals.

• Fiber Optic Cables: The backbone of modern long-distance and high-capacity networks. Uses pulses of light. Key tech: DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) packs hundreds of data streams onto a single fiber.
• Copper Cables: The legacy foundation. Includes twisted-pair (for DSL internet and Ethernet) and coaxial cable (for cable TV/internet).

• Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum: The invisible highway for wireless communication. Different frequency bands (low-band for coverage, mid-band for balance, high-band/mmWave for extreme capacity) are allocated for different services.
• Satellite Communications: Provides global coverage, especially for remote areas, maritime, and aviation. Advancements in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations (like Starlink) offer lower latency.
• Microwave Transmission: Uses focused radio beams for point-to-point links over long distances (e.g., between cell towers).

How end-users connect to the core network.

• FTTx (Fiber to the x): FTTH (Fiber to the Home) is the gold standard for speed. Uses PON (Passive Optical Network) technology.
• Cable (DOCSIS): Delivers data over coaxial cable TV infrastructure.
• DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): Uses existing telephone copper lines.
• Fixed Wireless Access (FWA): Uses cellular (like 5G) or other radio links to provide home broadband.

• 5G: Current generation. Features network slicing (virtual networks), massive MIMO (multiple antennas), and uses millimeter wave (mmWave) for ultra-high speeds.
• 4G LTE: The previous standard, providing high-speed mobile broadband.
• 3G & 2G: Legacy networks for basic data and voice, still in use for fallback and IoT.

How data is moved, managed, and directed across the network.

• Packet Switching: The fundamental method of the internet, breaking data into packets.
• IP (Internet Protocol): The universal addressing system (IP addresses).
• MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching): Creates fast, efficient "labeled" paths within core networks.

• SDN (Software-Defined Networking): Separates the network's control plane (the brain) from the data plane (the muscle), allowing centralized, programmable control.
• NFV (Network Functions Virtualization): Replaces dedicated hardware (like routers, firewalls) with software running on standard servers, making networks more agile.
• Cloud Computing & MEC (Multi-access Edge Computing): Moves computing and storage to the cloud and, crucially, to the edge of the network (near cell towers), reducing latency for applications like autonomous vehicles and AR/VR.

Modulation Techniques: Encode digital data onto analog carrier signals (e.g., QAM, OFDM used in 4G/5G and Wi-Fi).

The standardized rules for communication.

• TCP/IP: The foundational suite of the internet.
• SIP (Session Initiation Protocol): For setting up voice/video calls over IP (VoIP).
• HTTP/2, HTTP/3, QUIC: For web traffic.
• Diameter & SS7: For signaling in mobile networks (authentication, billing, mobility).

• Internet of Things (IoT) Connectivity: Specialized protocols like NB-IoT, LTE-M, LoRaWAN, and Sigfox for connecting low-power, massive numbers of sensors and devices.
• Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning: Used for network optimization, predictive maintenance, fraud detection, intelligent customer service, and managing network traffic.
• Cybersecurity: Encryption (TLS, AES), firewalls, IDS/IPS, and zero-trust models are critical to protect network integrity and user data.
• Quantum Communication (Emerging): Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) uses quantum mechanics to create theoretically unhackable encryption keys.